Jahab: August 2026

Friday, 7 August 2026

R Basics

Module I:

R Introduction – R Advantages and Disadvantages – R Installation – RStudio IDE – R Basics – R Basic Syntax – R Data Types – R Variables – R Keyword – R Operators

Module - II:

R Control structures – R If statements – R if else, R else if statements, R switch - R Looping statements – R For loop – R while Loop – R Repeate Loop

Module – III:

R data structures – R vectors – R arrays – R Matrix – R Data Frame – R Factors – R Graphics – R Plot – R Line – R Scatter Plot – R pie charts – R Histogram – R Bars

R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is currently developed by the R Development Core Team. R is freely available under the GNU General Public License.

R Programming is a programming language and software environment designed for statistical computing, data analysis, and visualization. It is widely used by statisticians, data scientists, researchers, and analysts.

--------------------------------

Features of R:-

------------

•Open-source and free to use.

•Excellent for statistical analysis and mathematical computations.

•Powerful data visualization with libraries like ggplot2.

•Large collection of packages through CRAN.

•Supports machine learning, data mining, and predictive analytics.

•Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Applications of R:-

----------------

•Data analysis and visualization

•Statistical modeling

•Machine learning

•Bioinformatics

•Financial analysis

•Research and academic projects

•Business analytics

Basic Data Types:

---------------

-Basic data types in R can be divided into the following types:

1) numeric - (10.5, 55, 787)

2) integer - (1L, 55L, 100L, where the letter "L" declares this as an integer)

3) complex - (9 + 3i, where "i" is the imaginary part)

4) character (a.k.a. string) - ("k", "R is exciting", "FALSE", "11.5")

5) logical (a.k.a. boolean) - (TRUE or FALSE)Basic Data Types

Common Data Structures:-

-------------------

•Vector

•Matrix

•Array

•List

•Data Frame

•Factor

------------------------------

Note:

-----

1) print(c)

2) message(c) -- not showing args no.

3) cat(c) -- not showing args no.

4) print("Result is :",c) --> invalid

5) cat("Result is :",c)

6) message("Result is :",c)

7) paste("a :",a," b:",b," c:",c) - concatenate

9) math function : max,min,sqrt,abs,ceiling,floor

----------------

#program 1 : display your name

print("welcome") --- with args

print("hi")

------------------

#program 2 : display your name

message("welcome")

message("hi")

---------------

#Program 3 : Display string

a="welcome"

message(a)

--------------------

#Program 4: Display integer

a=10

print(a)

#print("a is",a) --- Error

message("a is =",a)

-----------------------

#Program 5 : Display integer

a=10

b=20

message("a is =",a," b is =",b)

-------------------------------

#Program 6: display integer

a<-10

message("a is :",a)

---------------------

#Program 7: display floating point(numeric)

a<-10.5546

message("a is :",a)

---------------------

#Program 8: display floating point

a<-10.5546

x1=sprintf(a, fmt = '%#.2f')

message("Result is:",x1)

---------------------

#Program 9: display Boolean

a<-TRUE

b<-FALSE

message(a)

message(b)

-----------------------

#Program 10: display complex

a<-10+2i

message(a)

-----------------

#Program 11: print multiple values

a<-b<-c<-10

message("a =",a)

message("b =",b)

message("c =",c)

-------------------

#Program 12:display Type

a<-10

print(typeof(a))

b<-10L

print(typeof(b))

c<10.5

print(typeof(c))

d<-"jahab"

print(typeof(d))

a<-TRUE

print(typeof(a))

a<-2+3i

print(typeof(a))

--------------------

##Program 13:display type

a<-10

b<-20.5

c<-"jahab"

print(class(a))

print(class(b))

print(class(c))

------------------

#Program 14:check type

a<-10

b<-10.5

c<-"jahab"

d<-TRUE

e<-2+3i

print(is.integer(a))

print(is.numeric(b))

print(is.character(c))

print(is.logical(d))

print(is.complex(e))

----------------------

#Program 14:Addition of two integer number

a<-10

b<-20

c=a+b

print(c)

#print("Result is",c) -----------error

message("Result is:",c)------------without args

---------------------------

#Program 15:Addition of two numeric number

a<-10.335

b<-20.45454

c=a+b

print("result is :",c)

-----------------------

#Program 16

a<-10.335

b<-20.45454

c=a+b

x1=sprintf(c, fmt = '%#.2f')

message("Result is:",x1)

-------------------------

#Program 17: addition of two complex numbers

a<-10+5i

b<-2+3i

c=a+b

message("complex addition:",c)

---------------------------------

#Program 18 : using maths function

a<-25

message("root is:",sqrt(a))

message(ceiling(10.3)) --- next integer

message(floor(10.3)) --- previous

message(abs(-13)) ---- -ve to +ve

message("round is:",round(10.3434))----whole

max(5, 10, 15)

min(5, 10, 15)

------------------------

1) getwd() # See current working directory

2) setwd("C:/path/to/folder") # Change working directory

3) source("script.R")

#Program 1: get and print string without prompt

name<-readline()

message("output is :",name)

#Program 2: get and print string with prompt keyword

name<-readline(prompt="Enter your name:")

message("output is :",name)

#Program 3: get and print string(prompt - optional)

name<-readline("Enter your name:")

message("output is :",name)

#Program 4: get and print integer value(method-1)

a<-readline("Enter a :")

a<-as.integer(a)

message("Output is :",a)

#Program 5: get and print integer value(method-2)

a<-as.integer(readline("Enter a :"))

message("Output is :",a)

#Program 6: get and print numeric

a<-as.numeric(readline("Enter a :"))

message("Output is :",a)

#Program 7: get and print char

a<-as.character(readline("Enter a :"))

message("Output is :",a)

-----------------------------------------

#Program8: Addition of two numbers(integer)

a=as.integer(readline("Enter a :"))

b=as.integer(readline("Enter b :"))

c=a+b

print(c)

--------------------------------

(or)

a<-as.integer(readline("Enter a :"))

b<-as.integer(readline("Enter b :"))

c<-a+b

print(c)

(or)

a<-as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a :"))

b<-as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter b :"))

c<-a+b

print(c)

(or)

a<-as.integer(readline("Enter a :"))

b<-as.integer(readline("Enter b :"))

c<-a+b

message(paste("a :",a," b:",b," c:",c))

-----------------------------------

#Program9 : Addition of two numbers(float)

a=as.numeric(readline("Enter a :"))

b=as.numeric(readline("Enter b :"))

c=a+b

print(c)

-------------------------

#Program10 : division of two numbers

a=as.integer(readline("Enter a :"))

b=as.integer(readline("Enter b :"))

c=a/b #floating division

print(c)

--------------------------

#Program11 : division of two numbers

a=as.numeric(readline("Enter a :"))

b=as.numeric(readline("Enter b :"))

c=a/b #floating division

print(c)

-------------------------

#Program12 : division of two numbers

a=as.numeric(readline("Enter a :"))

b=as.numeric(readline("Enter b :"))

c=a%/%b #integer division

print(c)

--------------------------

#Program13 : remainder

a=as.numeric(readline("Enter a :"))

b=as.numeric(readline("Enter b :"))

c=a%%b

print(c)

---------------------------

#Program14 : find volume

r<-as.numeric(readline("Enter radious value :"))

h<-as.numeric(readline("Enter height value :"))

v=(1/3)*3.14*r*r*h

message("volume is :",v)

-----------------------------

Bootstrap

Bootstrap:-

------------

-it's a popular open-source(free) front-end framework used to build responsive Web design

-mobile-first websites quickly.

-Bootstrap (the front-end CSS framework)

Responsive Web design:

--------------------------------

* Responsive web design is about creating web sites which automatically adjust themselves to look good on all devices, from small phones to large desktops.

History of Bootstrap:-

-----------------------

*2010 – Bootstrap was created by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton while working at Twitter. It was initially called Twitter Blueprint and was developed to make web interfaces more consistent across projects.

*August 2011 – Bootstrap was released as an open-source project under the MIT License. It quickly became popular because it made responsive web design easier.

*Bootstrap 2 (2012) – Introduced built-in responsive design, allowing websites to adapt to different screen sizes such as desktops, tablets, and phones.

*Bootstrap 3 (2013) – Adopted a mobile-first approach, meaning layouts were designed for mobile devices first and then enhanced for larger screens. It also introduced the 12-column responsive grid system that became widely used.

*Bootstrap 4 (2018) – Replaced Less with Sass, introduced Flexbox for improved layouts, and modernized many components and utilities.

*Bootstrap 5 (2021) – Removed the dependency on jQuery, added more utility classes, improved customization, enhanced RTL (right-to-left) support, and updated components for modern web development.

Features:-

-----------

*Responsive Grid System: 12-column layout for creating responsive designs.

*Prebuilt Components: Buttons, cards, modals, navbars, alerts, forms, carousels, and more.

*Utility Classes: Easily control spacing, colors, typography, display, flexbox, etc.

*JavaScript Components: Interactive elements like dropdowns, tooltips, accordions, and modals.

Why Use Bootstrap?

*Faster web development.

*Mobile-first responsive design.

*Consistent UI across browsers.

*Large community and extensive documentation.

*Easy customization.

Common Bootstrap Classes:-

------------------------------------

Purpose Example

------------- -----------------

*Container : container, container-fluid

*Grid : row, col, col-md-6

*Buttons : btn, btn-primary, btn-danger

*Text : text-center, text-primary, fw-bold

*Spacing : m-3, mt-4, p-2

*Colors : bg-success, bg-warning, text-white

*Flexbox : d-flex, justify-content-center, align-items-center

------------------------------------------------------

1. Container:-

--------------

-A container is used to wrap your content and provide proper alignment and responsive padding.

-Bootstrap provides three main types of containers:

1. .container

2. .container-fluid

3. Responsive Containers

1. .container : A responsive fixed-width container.

Ex:

<h1>Hello Bootstrap</h1>

<p>This is inside a fixed-width container.</p>

</div>

2. .container-fluid : Always spans the entire width of the screen.

Ex:

<h1>Full Width</h1>

<p>This container is always 100% wide.</p>

</div>

3. Responsive Containers : These are full-width until the specified breakpoint.

Ex:

<div class="container-sm">Small breakpoint</div>

<div class="container-md">Medium breakpoint</div>

<div class="container-lg">Large breakpoint</div>

<div class="container-xl">Extra large breakpoint</div>

<div class="container-xxl">Extra extra large breakpoint</div>

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Program 1: Fixed-width .container

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Container Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 class="text-primary">Welcome to Bootstrap</h1>

<p>This content is inside a Bootstrap container.</p>

<button class="btn btn-success">Click Me</button>

</div>

</body>

</html>

----------------------------------------

Program 2 : Full-width .container-fluid

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Container Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Container Fluid</h2>

<p>This container takes the full width of the screen.</p>

</div>

</body>

</html>

-----------------------------

Program 3: Responsive containers

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Responsive Container</title>

<style>

body {

margin: 0;

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

background: #f4f4f4;

}

.container {

width: 90%;

max-width: 1200px;

margin: 0 auto;

padding: 20px;

background: white;

}

.box {

background: #4CAF50;

color: white;

padding: 20px;

text-align: center;

margin-top: 20px;

border-radius: 8px;

}

@media (max-width: 768px) {

.container {

width: 95%;

padding: 15px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Responsive Container</h1>

This container adjusts based on screen size.

</div>

</body>

</html>

-------------------------------------

Bootstrap 5 Grid System:

-------------------------------

* Bootstrap's grid system is built with flexbox and allows up to 12 columns across the page.

* If you do not want to use all 12 columns individually, you can group the columns together to create wider columns:

span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1 span 1

span 4 span 4 span 4

span 4 span 8

span 6 span 6

span 12

* The grid system is responsive, and the columns will re-arrange automatically depending on the screen size.

* Make sure that the sum adds up to 12 or fewer (it is not required that you use all 12 available columns).

Grid Classes:-

The Bootstrap 5 grid system has six classes:

.col- (extra small devices - screen width less than 576px)

.col-sm- (small devices - screen width equal to or greater than 576px)

.col-md- (medium devices - screen width equal to or greater than 768px)

.col-lg- (large devices - screen width equal to or greater than 992px)

.col-xl- (xlarge devices - screen width equal to or greater than 1200px)

.col-xxl- (xxlarge devices - screen width equal to or greater than 1400px)

Ex:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Three equal width columns</h1>

<p>Note: Try to add a new div with class="col" inside the row class - this will create four equal-width columns.</p>

</div>

</body>

</html>

----------------------------------------------

Ex2:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Responsive Columns</h1>

<p>Resize the browser window to see the effect.</p>

<p>The columns will automatically stack on top of each other when the screen is less than 576px wide.</p>

</div>

</body>

</html>

------------------------------------------------

Color

-------

The classes for text colors are: .text-muted, .text-primary, .text-success, .text-info, .text-warning, .text-danger, .text-secondary, .text-white, .text-dark, .text-body (default body color/often black) and .text-light

Ex:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<div class="container mt-3"> mt-3 - padding top

<h2>Colors</h2>

<p class="text-muted">This text is muted.</p>

<p class="text-primary">This text is important.</p>

<p class="text-success">This text indicates success.</p>

<p class="text-info">This text represents some information.</p>

<p class="text-warning">This text represents a warning.</p>

<p class="text-danger">This text represents danger.</p>

<p class="text-secondary">Secondary text.</p>

<p class="text-body">Default body color (often black).</p>

<p class="text-light">This text is light grey (on white background).</p>

<p class="text-white">This text is white (on white background).</p>

</div>

</body>

</html>

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Button

--------

1. Button class:-

---------------

Basic Syntax: <button class="btn btn-primary">Primary Button</button>

Class Description

-------------------------------

.btn - Base button class (required)

.btn-primary - Blue primary button

.btn-secondary - Gray secondary button

.btn-success - Green success button

.btn-danger -Red danger button

.btn-warning -Yellow warning button

.btn-info -Light blue info button

.btn-light -Light-colored button

.btn-dark -Dark-colored button

.btn-link -Button styled as a hyperlink

.btn-lg - Large Button

.btn-sm - Small Button

.btn-outline-primary - Outline Primary

.btn-outline-success - Outline Success

.btn-outline-danger - Outline Danger

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Button Styles</h2>

<a href="#" class="btn btn-success">Link Button</a>

<button type="button" class="btn">Basic</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Primary</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary">Secondary</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-success">Success</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-warning">Warning</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">Danger</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-light">Light</button>

<button class="btn btn-primary btn-lg">Large Button</button>

<button class="btn btn-primary">Default Button</button>

<button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Small Button</button>

<button class="btn btn-outline-primary">Outline Primary</button>

<button class="btn btn-outline-success">Outline Success</button>

<button class="btn btn-outline-danger">Outline Danger</button>

</div>

</body>

</html>

-------------------------------------

Button group: Bootstrap 5 allows you to group a series of buttons together (on a single line) in a button group:

-----------------

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Apple</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Samsung</button>

</div>

</body>

</html>

-------------------------------

dropdown

------------

*The .dropdown class is used to indicate a dropdown menu.

*Use the .dropdown-menu class to actually build the dropdown menu.

*To open the dropdown menu, use a button or a link with a class of .dropdown-toggle and data-toggle="dropdown"

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

Dropdown button

</button>

</ul>

</div>

</body>

</html>

------------------

Multiple drodown

--------------------

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Apple</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Samsung</button>

<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Tablet</a></li>

<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Smartphone</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

</body>

</html>

---------------------------------

spinners:

-----------

-To create a spinner/loader, use the .spinner-border class

Class Description

-------------------------------

spinner-border - Circular rotating border spinner

spinner-grow - Growing/fading spinner

spinner-border-sm - Small border spinner

spinner-grow-sm - Small growing spinner

text-primary, text-success, etc. - Change spinner color

d-none - Hide the spinner

Ex:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

</div>

</body>

</html>

-----------------

spinner buttons:

-----------------

You can also add spinners to a button, with or without text:

Ex:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

</button>

</button>

</button>

</button>

</div>

</body>

</html>

--------------------------------------------

Bootstrap 5 Pagination:-

-If you have a web site with lots of pages, you may wish to add some sort of pagination to each page.

Ex:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="#">Previous</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

</body>

</html>

----------------------------------

Nav bar:

---------

-if you want to create a simple horizontal menu, add the .nav

1. nav-tabs - navigation tabs

Ex: <ul class="nav nav-tabs">

2. nav-pills - active menu

Ex: <ul class="nav nav-pills">

3. nav-pills with drown

Ex: <li class="nav-item dropdown">

Ex:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

</li>

<a class="nav-link" href="#">Inbox</a>

</li>

<a class="nav-link" href="#">Send Items</a>

</li>

<a class="nav-link disabled" href="#">Disabled</a>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</body>

</html>

------------------------

Ex2: nav-pills with dropdrown

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<a class="nav-link active" href="#">Active</a>

</li>

<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Dropdown</a>

</ul>

</li>

</li>

<a class="nav-link disabled" href="#">Disabled</a>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</body>

</html>

----------------------------------------

Ex3: navbar with dropdown

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

</li>

<a class="nav-link" href="#">Aboutus</a>

</li>

<a class="nav-link" href="#">Message</a>

</li>

<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown">Dropdown</a>

<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#">Another link</a></li>

<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="#">A third link</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</nav>

body content

</div>

</body>

</html>

-----------------------------------

Bootstrap 5 Carousel:

---------------------------

-The Carousel is a slideshow for cycling through elements:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</button>

</button>

</div>

</body>

</html>

--------------------------

Bootstrap Forms

-----------------------

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Bootstrap Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Login form</h2>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

</div>

<label for="pwd">Password:</label>

</div>

<input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="remember"> Remember me

</label>

</div>

<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>

</form>

</div>

</body>

</html>

-------------------------