Python Topics:
1.
Difference
between C, C++, JAVA & Python
2.
Python
Basics
3.
Python
Versions
4.
Python
features
5.
Python
Applications
6.
Python
character set
7.
Executing
Python
8.
Python
comments
9.
Python
variables
10. Python input and output functions
11. Python datatypes
12. Python basic Programs
13. Python Tokens (Identifiers, Keywords,
Literals, Operators & Separators)
Category of Language
--------------------------
1. Procedure Oriented Language
-it follows some step by step
-it can’t alter steps & can’t add additional
steps
Ex:
COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC
2. Structured Oriented Language
-it follows some step by step
-it can’t alter steps & can add additional
steps based on user requirements (extend itself)
-Data access without reference
Ex:
C
3. Object Oriented Language(OOP's)
-it follows some step by step
-it can’t alter steps & can add additional
steps based on user requirements (extend itself)
-Data access with reference(object)
Ex:
C++,
JAVA, Python, PHP, Android
Types of language
----------------------
1. Low level language (only binary code (0,1))
2. Middle level language (English &
binary code (0,1))(Ex : C)
3. High level language (only English) (Ex: java...)
C C++ Java Python
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Dennis Ritchie - Bjarne Stroustrup - James Gosling - Guido van Rossum
-1972 - 1980 - 1990(Oak),1995 -1991
-.c -.cpp -.java -.py
-AT&T Bell, USA - same -sun micro systems -Python
Software Foundation
(Oracle corp-2010)
-Structured Oriented - OOP's -OOP's -OOP's(Multi)
Middle
level language
-Compiler - Compiler -Compiler & interpreter –
Interpreter (line by line)
-Console app - Console app -window, web, mobile - window, web
-ASCII -ASCII -Unicode(UTF) - Unicode
1) Python Basics
---------------
* Designed by : Guido van Rossum, Netherland
* Developer
:
Python Software Foundation
* First appeared : 1991
* OS
: Cross-platform
* License :
Python Software Foundation License & GPL(General Public License)
* Type
: OSS(Open Source
Software) - Free download and use
* Filename extensions: .py, .pyc, .pyd, .pyo
(prior to 3.5),.pyw, .pyz (since 3.5)
* Website :
www.python.org
* Paradigm :
multi-paradigm: (object-oriented, functional (structured oriented), procedural)
* Derived From : C, C++,ABC, Modula-3,Algol-68,Small Talk & Unix shell
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2) Python Versions
-------------------
Python 1.0 - 1994 (1x)
... Python 2.7 - 2010 (2x)
... Python 3.7.0 - Jun 2018 (3x)
... Python 3.12.4 - Jun 2024
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3) Python Features
-------------------
1. case sensitive language
(there
is differentiate b/w small and caps)
2. easy to learn & understand, write
3. Portable Language (OS to OS)
4. Interpreted coding (line by line)
5. Many Predefined function (library function
or in build function or readymade)
(already compiled and executable code)
6. user can create an own function
7. Python is Object Oriented Language
8. Python is a OSS
9. multi-paradigm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4) Python Applications
--------------------------
1. Web and Internet Development & Desktop
GUI
2. Mathematics & Scientific and Numeric
Applications
3. Database Access & Network Programming
4. Games and 3D Graphics & Console-based
Applications
5. Applications for Images & Enterprise
Applications
6. 3D CAD Applications & Audio – or Video-
based Applications
7. Computer Vision (Facilities like
face-detection and color-detection)
8. Machine Learning & Robotics & Web
Scraping (Harvesting data from websites)
9. Scripting & Artificial Intelligence
10. Data Analysis (The Hottest of Python Applications)
*******
11. AI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5) Python character set
------------------------
1. Alphabets: All capital (A-Z) and small
(a-z) alphabets.
2. Digits: All digits 0-9.
3. Special Symbols: Python supports all kind
of special symbols like, ” ‘ l ; : ! ~ @ # $ % ^ ` & * ( ) _ + – = { } [ ]
\ .
4. White Spaces: White spaces like tab space,
blank space, newline, and carriage return.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6) Execute Python
-------------------
-Python has two basic modes
1. Interactive Mode (Command Line mode) -
execute line by line
2. Script Mode - (File mode)
1. Interactive Mode
----------------------
-Interactive mode is a command line shell
which gives immediate feedback for each statement, while running previously fed
-statements in active memory.
ex:
>>>a=10
>>>b=20
>>>c=a+b
>>>print(a)
30
-----------------------------------------------
2. Script Mode
-----------------
-The Script mode is the mode where the
scripted and finished .py files are run in the Python interpreter.
Step 1: Click on Start button-->All
Programs-->Python 3.6-->IDLE (Python 3.6)
Step 2:
a=10
b=20
c=a+b
print(a)
Step 3: Save---->Run(F5)
Output:
---------
30
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7) Python Comments:
----------------------
Python supports two types of comments:
1. Single Line Comment
2. Multiple Line Comment
1. Single Line Comment - Program
title,Author,one line decription
------------------------
- In case user wants to specify a single line
comment, then comment must start with #
E.g.: # This is single line
comment.
2. Multi Line Comment: - paragram format
(decription)
-------------------------
-Multi lined comment can be given inside
triple double quotes (“”” “””) or triple single quotes (‘’’ ‘’’).
E.g.:
''' ''' - using Triple Single Quotes
"""
"""- using Triple Double Quotes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-------------------
- Variable is used to store a value
- Variable also known as identifier.
- In Python, we don't need to specify the
type of variable because
Python is a type infer language and smart enough to get variable type.
- Variables are case sensitive (A and a both
are two different variables).
Ex:
a=10
b=13.5
c="jahab"
Rules for naming a variable
---------------------------------
1) starts with alphabets
2) don’t start with numbers (but mixed with)
3) don’t start with special char except (_)
4) keywords can’t be used as a variable
5) variables are case sensitive (differentiate
between small and caps)
#Program: using variable
a=10
b=20.5
c="welcome"
d=2+3j
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(d)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9) Python Input and Output Statements
---------------------------------------------
1. Input Function:
-------------------
-
Getting Data from User
Syntax:
input ([Prompt])
Ex:
1) num1 = input (‘Enter the input :’)
2) num2 = int (input (‘Enter the input :’))
3) num3 = float (input(‘Enter the input :’))
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Output Function:
-------------------
- The print() function prints the given
object to the standard output device (screen) or
to
the text stream file.
Syntax:
print()
Ex:
print("Python is fun.")
a=15
b=10
print(a)
print(b)
print("a =", a)
print("b =",b)
print('a = ', a ,' b= ', b)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
------------------------
Every value in Python has a datatype. Since
everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and
variables are instance (object) of these classes.
1) Text Type: str
2) Numeric Types: int, float, complex
3) Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
4) Mapping Type: dict
5) Set Types: set,
frozenset
6) Boolean Type: bool
7) Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
8) None Type: NoneType
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(Example Programs)
-------------------------
#Program 1: Display Message
print("Welcome to Python")
#Program 2: Display Message
print ("hello welcome to python")
print ('hello welcome to python')
#print 'hello' error(in python 3...)
#print "hello welcome" error(in python 3...)
#Program 3: Display Message
a="hai"
b=("welcome")
print (a)
print (b)
a=10
b=20.5
c="welcome"
d=2+3j
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
print(type(d))
a=10
b=20.5
print(isinstance(a,int))
print(isinstance(a,float))
print(isinstance(b,int))
print(isinstance(b,float))
--------------------------------------------
Note:
------
* type() - type() function to know which
class a variable or a value
* isinstance()- isinstance() function to
check if an object belongs to a particular class.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#Program 6: Add Two Numbers
a=10
b=20
c=a+b
print ("Addition result is : ",c)
print ('Addition result is : ',c)
print ('Addition result is : '+str(c))
#Program 7: using different output format in
Python
a=10
b=20
c=a+b
print("a :",a," b
:",b," c :",c)
print("a : {}, b : {}, c :
{}".format(a,b,c))
#Program 8: Add Two Numbers
a=10
b="welcome"
#c=a+b
---error
c=str(a)+b
print(c)
#Program 9: Addition of two numbers using
input() --Result is concatenation
a=input("Enter First Value :")
b=input("Enter Second Value :")
c=a+b
print("Addition is :",c)
#Program 10: Addition of two numbers using
input()
a=int(input("Enter First Value :"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Value
:"))
c=a+b
print("Addition is :",c)
#Program 11: Addition of two numbers using
input()
a=input("Enter First Value :")
b=input("Enter Second Value :")
c=int(a)+int(b)
print("Addition is :",c)
#Program 12: Arithmetic calculations
a=int(input("Enter First Value :"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Value
:"))
add=a+b
sub=a-b
mul=a*b
div=(float)(a)/b
rem=a%b
print ('Addition result is : ',add)
print ('Subtraction is : ',sub)
print ('Multiplication is : ',mul)
print ('Division is : ',div)
print ('Divide is :%0.1f ' %div)
print ('Remainder is : ',rem)
#Program 13: Simple Interest Calculation
p=float(input("Enter P:"))
n=float(input("Enter N:"))
r=float(input("Enter R:"))
si=p*n*r/100
print ("Simple ins :",si)
#Program 14:
Volume of Cone
r=float(input("Enter r :"))
h=float(input("Enter h :"))
v=(1.0/3.0)*3.14*r*r*h
print ("Cone :",v)
print ("Cone :%0.2f" %v)
#Program 15:
Using math function
import math
n=int(input("Enter input :"))
x=math.sqrt(n)
y=math.pow(n,2)
pi=math.pi
print (x)
print (y)
print (pi)
#Program 16:
Volume of Sphere
import math
r=float(input("Enter r :"))
v=(4.0/3.0)*math.pi*math.pow(r,2)
print ("Sphere :",v)
#Program 17: swapping two numbers using third
variable
a=10
b=20
print("Before swapping")
print("a :",a,"\t b :",b)
t=a
a=b
b=t
print("After swapping")
print("a :",a,"\t b :",b)
#Program 18: swapping two numbers without
third variable
a=10
b=20
print("Before swapping")
print("a :",a,"\t b :",b)
a=a+b
b=a-b
a=a-b
print("After swapping")
print("a :",a,"\t b :",b)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11) Python Tokens
------------------
- Tokens can be defined as a punctuator mark,
reserved words and each individual word in a statement. Token is the smallest
unit inside the given program.
There are following tokens in Python:
1. Identifiers.
2. Keywords.
3. Literals or constant.
4. Operators.
5. separators
1. Python Identifiers
---------------------
- Identifiers are the names given to the
fundamental building blocks in a program.
- These can be variables, class, object,
functions, lists, dictionaries etc.
There are certain rules defined for naming
i.e., Identifiers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
I. An
identifier is a long sequence of characters and numbers.
II. No special character except underscore (
_ ) can be used as an identifier.
III.Keyword should not be used as an
identifier name.
IV. Python is case sensitive. So using case
is significant.
V.
First character of an identifier can be character, underscore ( _ ) but
not digit.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. Python Keywords
----------------------
- Keywords are special reserved words which
convey a special meaning to the compiler/interpreter.
- Each keyword have a special meaning and a
specific operation.
List of Keywords used in Python are:
------------------------------------------------
True False None and as
asset def class continue break
else finally elif del except
global for if from import
raise try or return pass
nonlocal in not is lambda
--------------------------------------------------
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Python Literals
------------------
- Literals can be defined as a data that is
given in a variable or constant.
Types of Literals
-------------------
i). String Literals
ii). Numeric Literals (Integer, Long, Float,
Complex)
iii). Boolean Literals (True or False)
iv). Special Literals (None)
i). String Literals
------------------
- String literals can be formed by enclosing
a text in the quotes.
- We can use both single as well as double
quotes for a String.
Eg:
a="Welcome"
b='a'
2. ii) . Numeric Literals
----------------------
- Numeric Literals are immutable.
Types of numeri Literals
---------------------
a. Integer
ex:
a=100
b. floating point
ex:
pi=3.14
c. complex
ex:
x=3+2j
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
iii). Boolean literals:
---------------------
-A Boolean literal can have any of the two
values: True or False.
Ex:
x=True
y=False
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
iv). Special literals:
------------------
-Python contains one special literal i.e.,
None.
-None is used to specify to that field that
is not created.
-It is also used for end of lists in Python.
Ex:
x=None
print(x)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4. Python Operators
----------------------
- Operators are particular symbols that are
used to perform operations on operands.
- It returns result that can be used in
application.
Types of Operators
---------------------
-Python supports the following operators
1. Arithmetic Operators : +,-,/,*,%, **(raise
to power),//(Floor division)
2. Relational Operators :
>,>=,<,<=,==,!=
3. Assignment Operators : =,+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,
**=, //=
4. Logical Operators : and, or, not
5. Membership Operators : in, not in
6. Identity Operators : is,is not
7. Bitwise Operators : &,|,^,~,>>,<<
5. Separators
----------------
.
--dot
() -- parenthesis
[] - set brackets
{} - braces
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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